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Ritual slaughter of an beast in Jewish constabulary

Shechita
Schect.jpg

A 15th-century depiction of shechita and bedikah.
Halakhic texts relating to this article
Torah: Deuteronomy 12:21, Deuteronomy 14:21, Numbers eleven:22
Mishnah: Hullin
Babylonian Talmud: Hullin
Mishneh Torah: Sefer Kodashim, Hilchot shechita
Shulchan Aruch: Yoreh De'ah 1:27
Other rabbinic codes: Sefer ha-Chinuch mitzvah 451

In Judaism, shechita (anglicized: ; Hebrew: שחיטה; [ʃχiˈta]; likewise transliterated shehitah, shechitah, shehita) is slaughtering of sure mammals and birds for food according to kashrut.

Sources [edit]

Deuteronomy 12:21 states that sheep and cattle should be slaughtered "as I have instructed y'all", only nowhere in the Torah are any of the practices of shechita described.[1] Instead, they take been handed down in Rabbinic Judaism'due south Oral Torah, and codified in halakha.

Species [edit]

The animal must exist of a permitted species. For mammals, this is restricted to ruminants which take dissever hooves.[two] For birds, although biblically any species of bird not specifically excluded in Deuteronomy 14:12–18 would be permitted,[three] doubts every bit to the identity and telescopic of the species on the biblical listing led to rabbinical law permitting only birds with a tradition of being permissible.[4]

Fish practise non crave kosher slaughter to be considered kosher, just are subject to other laws constitute in Leviticus eleven:nine–12 which determine whether or non they are kosher (having both fins and scales).

Shochet [edit]

A shochet ( שוחט , "slaughterer", plural shochtim) is a person who performs shechita. To become a shochet, one must study which slaughtered animals are kosher, what disqualifies them from beingness kosher, and how to prepare animals co-ordinate to the laws of shechita. Subjects of study include the training of slaughtering tools, ways to translate which foods follow the laws of shechita, and types of terefot (deformities which make an animal not-kosher).[1]

In the Talmudic era (beginning in 200 CE with the Jerusalem Talmud and 300 CE with the Babylonian Talmud and extending through the Middle Ages, rabbis started to debate and define kosher laws. Every bit the laws increased in number and complexity, following ritual slaughter laws became difficult for Jews who were non trained in those laws. This resulted in the need for a shochet (someone who has studied shechita extensively) to perform the slaughtering in the communities.[1] Shochtim studied under rabbis to learn the laws of shechita. Rabbis acted as the academics who, amongst themselves, debated how to apply laws from the Torah to the preparation of animals. Rabbis also conducted experiments to determine under which terefot animals were no longer kosher. Shochtim studied under these rabbis, as rabbis were the officials who showtime interpret, contend, and determine the laws of shechita.[i]

Shochtim are essential to every Jewish community, and then they earn elevated social status. In the Eye Ages, the shochtim were treated as 2d in social status, but underneath rabbis. Shochtim were respected for committing their time to studying and for their importance to their communities.[1]

An inspection (Heb. bedikah) of the beast is required for it to be alleged kosher, and a shochet has a double title: Shochet u'bodek (slaughterer and inspector), for which qualification considerable report as well as practical training is required.

Procedure [edit]

The shechita procedure, which must be performed by a shochet, is described in the Yoreh De'ah section of the Shulchan Aruch only every bit severing the current of air piping and food pipage (trachea and esophagus). Nothing is mentioned about veins or arteries.

Notwithstanding, in exercise, as a very long sharp knife is used, in cattle the soft tissues in the cervix are sliced through without the knife touching the spinal cord, in the course of which four major blood vessels, two of which transport oxygenated blood to the brain (the carotid arteries) the other ii transporting blood back to the heart (jugular veins) are severed. The vagus nerve is also cut in this operation. With fowl, the aforementioned process is followed, simply a smaller knife is used.[ citation needed ]

A special pocketknife is used, that is very long; and no undue pressure may exist practical to the pocketknife, which must exist very sharp.[5] [vi] The procedure may exist performed with the beast either lying on its back ( שחיטה מוונחת , shechita munachat) or standing ( שחיטה מעומדת , shechita me'umedet).[vii]

In the case of fowl (with the exception of large fowl like turkey) the bird is held in the non-dominant manus in such a manner that the head is pulled back and the cervix exposed, while the cut made with the dominant paw.[viii]

The procedure is done with the intention of causing a rapid drop in claret pressure level in the brain and loss of consciousness, to render the animal insensitive to pain and to exsanguinate in a prompt and precise action.[9]

It has been suggested that eliminating blood flow through the carotid arteries does non cut claret flow to the encephalon of a bovine because the brain is also supplied with blood by vertebral arteries,[10] but other government note the distinction between severing the carotid versus merely blocking it.[9]

If 1 did non sever the entirety of both the trachea and esophagus and then an animal may nonetheless be considered kosher as long as i severed the majority of the trachea and esophagus (windpipe and food pipe) of a mammal, or the majority of either one of these in the case of birds.[5] The cut must be incised with a back-and-forth motion without employing any of the five major prohibited techniques,[eleven] or diverse other detailed rules.

Forbidden techniques [edit]

  • Shehiyah (שהייה‎; filibuster or pausing) – Pausing during the incision and then starting to cut again makes the animal'due south flesh unkosher.[12] The knife must be moved beyond the cervix in an uninterrupted movement until the trachea and esophagus are sufficiently severed to avoid this.[5] There is some disagreement among legal sources every bit to the exact length of fourth dimension needed to plant shehiyah, but today the normative practice is to disqualify a kosher cut as a result of any length of pausing.[13]
  • Derasah (דרסה‎; pressing/chopping) – The knife must be drawn across the throat by a back and along movement, non by chopping, hacking, or pressing without moving the pocketknife back and along.[14] There are those[15] who assert that it is forbidden to accept the creature in an upright position during shechita due to the prohibition of derasah. They maintain that the animal must be on its back or lying on its side, and some also permit for the animal to be suspended upside down.[16] Nevertheless, the Rambam explicitly permits upright slaughter,[17] and the Orthodox Union too as all other major kosher certifiers in the United States accept upright slaughter.[18]
  • Haladah (חלדה‎; covering, digging, or burying) – The pocketknife must be fatigued over the throat so that the back of the knife is at all times visible while shechita is beingness performed. Information technology must non be stabbed into the neck or cached past fur, hibernate, feathers, the wound itself, or a foreign object (such as a scarf) which may cover the pocketknife.[19]
  • Hagramah (הגרמה‎; cutting in the wrong location) – Hagramah refers to the location on the neck on which a kosher cut may be performed; cutting outside this location will in most cases disqualify a kosher cut.[xx] Co-ordinate to today's normative Orthodox practice, any cutting outside this area volition in all cases disqualify a kosher cutting.[xx] The limits within which the knife may exist applied are from the large ring in the windpipe to the top of the upper lobe of the lung when information technology is inflated, and respective to the length of the throat. Slaughtering above or below these limits renders the meat non-kosher.
  • Iqqur (עיקור‎; tearing) – If either the esophagus or the trachea is torn during the shechita incision, the carcass is rendered non-kosher. Iqqur can occur if one tears out the esophagus or trachea while handling an animal's cervix or if the esophagus or trachea is torn by a pocketknife with imperfection/due south on the bract, such equally nicks or serration.[21] [22] [23] In gild to avoid tearing, the kosher slaughter knife is expertly maintained and regularly checked with the shochet's fingernail to ensure that no nicks are nowadays.[24]

Breaching any of these v rules renders the beast nevelah; the animal is regarded in Jewish law as if it were carrion.[25]

Temple Grandin has observed that "if the rules (of the five forbidden techniques) are disobeyed, the animal will struggle. If these rules are obeyed, the creature has little reaction."[26]

The pocketknife [edit]

The knife used for shechita is called a sakin (סכין‎), or alternatively a chalaf (חלף‎)[28] by Ashkenazi Jews. By biblical law the knife may be made from anything not fastened directly or indirectly to the ground and capable of being sharpened and polished to the necessary level of sharpness and smoothness required for shechita.[29] [30] The tradition present is to use a very sharp metal knife.[31]

The knife must be at least slightly longer than the cervix width simply preferably at to the lowest degree twice as long as the animal's neck is wide, but not so long that the weight of the pocketknife is deemed excessive. If the knife is as well large, it is assumed to cause derasah, excessive pressing. Kosher knife makers sell knives of differing sizes depending on the animal. Shorter blades may technically be used depending on the number of strokes employed to slaughter the animal, merely the normative practice today is that shorter blades are not used. The knife must not have a point. It is feared a indicate may skid into the wound during slaughter and cause haladah, covering, of the bract. The blade may as well not be serrated, every bit serrations cause iqqur, tearing.[32]

The blade cannot accept imperfections in information technology. All blades are assumed by Jewish law to be imperfect, so the knife must exist checked before each session. In the past the knife was checked through a variety of means. Today the mutual practise is for the shochet to run his fingernail up and downwardly both sides of the blade and on the cut edge to make up one's mind if he tin feel any imperfections. He and so uses a number of increasingly fine annoying stones to sharpen and shine the bract until it is perfectly sharp and smooth.[ citation needed ]

Afterwards the slaughter, the shochet must cheque the knife again in the same way to be certain the kickoff inspection was properly done, and to ensure the blade was not damaged during shechita. If the bract is found to exist damaged, the meat may non be eaten by Jews. If the blade falls or is lost before the second check is done, the starting time inspection is relied on and the meat is permitted.[ citation needed ]

In previous centuries, the chalaf was made of forged steel, which was not cogitating and was difficult to make both polish and sharp. Shneur Zalman of Liadi, fearing that Sabbateans were scratching the knives in a way not detectable by normal people, introduced the Hasidic hallaf  ( hasidishe hallaf ).[ citation needed ] Information technology differs from the previously used pocketknife design because information technology is made of molten steel and polished to a mirror gloss in which scratches could be seen as well as felt. The new knife was controversial and one of the reasons for the 1772 excommunication of the Hasidim.[ citation needed ] As of present fourth dimension, the "Hassidic hallef" is universally accepted and is the only permitted blade immune in religious communities.[33]

Other rules [edit]

The animal may not be stunned prior to the procedure,[ commendation needed ] equally is common exercise in non-kosher modern creature slaughter since the early 20th century.

It is forbidden to slaughter an animate being and its young on the aforementioned day.[34] An animate being's "young" is defined every bit either its ain offspring, or some other animal that follows it around, fifty-fifty if of another species.[ commendation needed ]

The animal'south blood may not be collected in a bowl, a pit, or a body of water, every bit these resemble ancient forms of idol worship.[ citation needed ]

If the shochet accidentally slaughters with a knife dedicated to idol worship, he must remove an amount of meat equivalent to the value of the knife and destroy information technology.[ clarification needed ] If he slaughtered with such a knife on purpose, the creature is forbidden as not kosher.[ citation needed ]

Post-procedure requirements [edit]

Bedikah [edit]

The carcass must exist checked to see if the animal had whatsoever of a specific list of internal injuries that would have rendered the animal a treifah before the slaughter. These injuries were established past the Talmudic rabbis as being likely to cause the animal to die within 12 months fourth dimension.

Today all mammals are inspected for lung adhesions ( bedikat ha-reah "exam of the lung") and other disqualifying signs of the lungs, and near kosher birds will take their intestines inspected for infections.

Further inspection of other parts of the body may exist performed depending on the stringency practical and also depending on whether whatsoever signs of sickness were detected before slaughter or during the processing of the animate being.

Glatt [edit]

Glatt (Yiddish: גלאַט) and halak (Hebrew: חלק) both mean "smooth". In the context of kosher meat, they refer to the "smoothness" (lack of blemish) in the internal organs of the animal. In the example of an adhesion on cattle'due south lungs specifically, there is debate between Ashkenazic customs and Sephardic customs. While in that location are certain areas of the lung where an adhesion is allowed, the debate revolves effectually adhesions which do not occur in these areas.

Ashkenazic Jews rule that if the adhesion can be removed (at that place are various methods of removing the adhesion, and not all of them are acceptable even according to the Ashkenazic custom) and the lungs are still airtight (a process that is tested past filling the lungs with air and and so submerging them in water and looking for escaping air), then the fauna is withal kosher simply not glatt.

If, in addition, in that location were 2 or fewer adhesions, and they were modest and easily removable, then these adhesions are considered a lesser type of adhesion, and the animal is considered glatt.[35] Ashkenazi custom permits eating non-glatt kosher meat, but it is frequently considered praiseworthy to merely eat glatt kosher meat.[36]

Sephardic Jews dominion that if at that place is any sort of adhesion on the forbidden areas of the lungs, then the creature is not kosher. This standard is normally known equally halak Beit Yosef. Information technology is the strictest in terms of which adhesions are allowed.

However, despite this ruling, in practise almost Sephardic and Mizrahi communities historically ate non-halak meat, except those in Syria, Egypt, Iraq, and the Land of Israel.[37]

The Rema (an Ashkenazi potency) had an additional stringency, of checking adhesions on additional parts of the lung which Sephardi practice does non require. Some Ashkenazi Jews keep this stringency.[36]

Nikkur [edit]

Porging [note i] refers to the halakhic requirement to remove the carcass'south veins, chelev (caul fat and suet)[xl] and sinews.[41] [42] The Torah prohibits the eating of certain fats, so they must be removed from the animal. These fats are typically known every bit chelev. There is likewise a biblical prohibition against eating the sciatic nerve (gid hanasheh), and then that, as well, is removed.[43]

The removal of the chelev and the gid hanasheh, called nikkur, is considered complicated and deadening, and hence labor-intensive, and even more specialized preparation is necessary to perform the act properly.

While the small amounts of chelev in the front one-half of the creature are relatively easy to remove, the dorsum half of the animal is far more complicated, and information technology is where the sciatic nervus is located.

In countries such as the The states, where in that location exists a large non-kosher meat marketplace, the hindquarters of the animal (where many of these forbidden meats are located) is often sold to non-Jews, rather than problem with the procedure.

This tradition goes back for centuries[44] where local Muslims accept meat slaughtered by Jews as consumable; however, the custom was non universal throughout the Muslim world, and some Muslims (particularly on the Indian subcontinent) did not accept these hindquarters as halal. In State of israel, on the other paw, specially trained men are hired to set up the hindquarters for auction as kosher.

Kashering [edit]

Because of the biblical prohibition of eating blood,[45] all blood must be promptly removed from the carcass.

All large arteries and veins are removed, as well every bit any bruised meat or coagulated blood. Then the meat is kashered, a process of soaking and salting the meat to describe out all the blood.

If this procedure is not performed promptly, the claret is considered to have "set" in the meat, and the meat is no longer salvageable to swallow except when prepared through broiling with appropriate drainage.[46]

Giving of the Gifts [edit]

The Torah requires a shochet to give the foreleg, cheeks and maw to a kohen even though he does non own the meat. Thus, it is desirable that the shochet reject to perform the shechita unless the animal's owner expresses his agreement to give the gifts. Rabbinical courts have the authority to excommunicate a shochet who refuses to perform this commandment.

The Rishonim pointed out that the shochet cannot merits that, since the animal does not belong to him, he cannot requite the gifts without the owner's consent. On the contrary, since the boilerplate shochet is reputed to be well versed and knowledgeable in the laws of shechitah ("Dinnei Shechita"), the rabbinical courtroom relies on him to withhold his shechita and so long as the owner refuses to requite the gifts.[47]

Covering of the blood [edit]

Information technology is a positive commandment incumbent upon the shochet to comprehend the claret of chayot (non-domesticated animals) and ufot (birds) only not b'heimot (domesticated animals).[48]

The shochet is required to place dirt on the ground before the slaughter, and and so to perform the cut over that dirt, in gild to drop some of the blood on to the prepared dirt. When the shechita is complete, the shochet grabs a handful of dirt, says a blessing and then covers the blood.

The meat is still kosher if the blood does non get covered; covering the blood is a separate mitzvah which does not touch on the kosher status of the meat.

Fauna welfare controversies [edit]

"Opposition to the Jewish methods of slaughter has a long history, starting at least as far back every bit the mid-Victoria era."[49]

The Gutachten (expert reports) [edit]

When shechita came under attack in the 19th century, Jewish communities resorted to skilful scientific opinions which were published in pamphlets called Gutachten.[fifty] Among these regime was Joseph Lister, who introduced the concept of sterility in surgery.[ citation needed ]

General description of controversy [edit]

The practices of treatment, restraining, and unstunned slaughter have been criticized by, among others, animal welfare organizations such as Compassion in Globe Farming.[51] The United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland Subcontract Animal Welfare Council said that the method by which kosher and halal meat is produced causes "significant pain and distress" to animals and should be banned.[52]

According to FAWC it tin can take up to ii minutes after the incision for cattle to become insensible. Compassion in World Farming also supported the recommendation saying "We believe that the law must exist changed to require all animals to be stunned before slaughter."[53] [54]

Mr Bradshaw said the Regime had maintained its position in non accepting FAWC's recommendation that slaughter without prior stunning should exist banned, as they respected the rights of communities in Uk to slaughter animals in accordance with the requirements of their religion.[55] [56] [57] [58] [59]

The Federation of Veterinarians of Europe has issued a position paper on slaughter without prior stunning, calling it "unacceptable."[60]

The American Veterinary Medical Clan has no such qualms, as leading US meat scientists support shechita as a humane slaughtering method as defined by the Humane Slaughter Act.

A 1978 report at the University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover indicates that shechita gave results which proved "...hurting and suffering to the extent equally has since long been generally associated in public with this kind of slaughter cannot be registered..." and that "[a complete loss of consciousness] occurred generally inside considerably less time than during the slaughter method after captive bolt stunning."[61] However, the pb of the written report William Schulze warned in his report that the results may have been due to the captive commodities device they used being lacking.[61]

Nick Cohen, writing for the New Statesman, discusses research papers collected by Compassion in World Farming which bespeak that the animal suffers pain during the process.[62] In 2009, Craig Johnson and colleagues showed that calves that take not been stunned feel pain from the cut in their necks,[63] and they may take at least 10–thirty seconds to lose consciousness.[64]

Temple Grandin says that the experiment needs to be repeated using a qualified shochet and knives of the correct size sharpened in the proper way.[65]

Jewish and Muslim commentators cite studies that show shechita is humane and that criticism is at least partially motivated by antisemitism.[66] [67] A Knesset committee appear (January, 2012) that it would call on European parliaments and the Eu to put a stop to attempts to outlaw kosher slaughter. "The pretext [for this legislation] is preventing cruelty to animals or animal rights—but there is sometimes an element of anti-Semitism and there is a hidden message that Jews are cruel to animals," said Commission Chair MK Danny Danon (Likud).[68]

Studies done in 1994 by Temple Grandin, and another in 1992 by Flemming Bager, showed that when the animals were slaughtered in a comfortable position they appeared to requite no resistance and none of the animals attempted to pull away their head. The studies concluded that a shechita cutting "probably results in minimal discomfort" considering the cattle stand nonetheless and practise non resist a comfortable head restraint device.[69]

Temple Grandin gives diverse times for loss of consciousness via kosher ritual slaughter, ranging from 15 to ninety seconds depending on measurement blazon and individual kosher slaugtherhouse.[70] She elaborates on what parts of the procedure she finds may or may non exist cause for concern.[71] [72] In 2018, Grandin stated that kosher slaughter, no matter how well information technology is washed, is not instantaneous, whereas stunning properly with a captive commodities is instantaneous.[73]

Efforts to amend conditions in shechita slaughterhouses [edit]

Temple Grandin is opposed to shackling and hoisting as a method of handling animals and wrote, on visiting a shechita slaughterhouse,

I volition never forget having nightmares after visiting the at present defunct Spencer Foods plant in Spencer, Iowa, xv years agone. Employees wearing football game helmets attached a nose tong to the olfactory organ of a writhing beast suspended by a concatenation wrapped around one dorsum leg. Each terrified animate being was forced with an electric prod to see a modest stall which had a slick flooring on a 40-v-caste angle. This caused the creature to slip and fall so that workers could attach the chain to its rear leg [in lodge to raise it into the air]. Equally I watched this nightmare, I idea, 'This should not be happening in a civilized guild.' In my diary I wrote, 'If hell exists, I am in it.' I vowed that I would supplant the constitute from hell with a kinder and gentler system.[74]

Efforts are made to improve the techniques used in slaughterhouses. Temple Grandin has worked closely with Jewish slaughterers to design handling systems for cattle, and has said: "When the cut is done correctly, the animal appears not to feel it. From an animate being-welfare standpoint, the major concern during ritual slaughter are the stressful and cruel methods of restraint (belongings) that are used in some plants."[75]

When shackling and hoisting is used, information technology is recommended[76] that cattle not exist hoisted clear of the flooring until they take had time to bleed out.

Agriprocessors controversy [edit]

The prohibition of stunning and the treatment of the slaughtered animal expressed in shechita law limit the extent to which Jewish slaughterhouses can industrialize their procedures.

The near industrialized attempt at a kosher slaughterhouse, Agriprocessors of Postville, Iowa, became the center of controversy in 2004, afterwards People for the Upstanding Handling of Animals released a gruesome surreptitious video of cattle struggling to their anxiety with their tracheas and esophagi ripped out subsequently shechita. Some of the cattle actually got up and stood for a minute or so later on beingness dumped from the rotating pen.[77] [78]

The OU's condonation of Agriprocessors as a mayhap inhumane, even so appropriately glatt kosher company has led to discussion as to whether or not industrialized agriculture has undermined the place of halakha (Jewish law) in shechita also equally whether or not halakha has any place at all in Jewish ritual slaughter.[79]

Jonathan Safran Foer, a Jewish vegetarian, narrated the short documentary film If This Is Kosher..., which records what he considers abuses within the kosher meat industry.[80]

Forums surrounding the upstanding treatment of workers and animals in kosher slaughterhouses take inspired a revival of the small-calibration, kosher-certified farms and slaughterhouses, which are gradually appearing throughout the United states.[81]

Encounter likewise [edit]

  • Christian dietary laws
  • Comparison of Islamic and Jewish dietary laws
  • DIALREL – report from the European union
  • Dhabihah – Islamic ritual slaughter
  • Jhatka – Indian ritual slaughter
  • Mashgiach
  • Joseph Molcho
  • Schochet – surname meaning "slaughterer"
  • Tza'ar ba'alei chayim – Jewish commandment which bans causing animals unnecessary suffering

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ The English discussion porge is from Judeo-Spanish porgar (from Spanish purgar "to purge").[38] The Hebrew is nikkur (niqqur) and the Yiddish is treibering. This is washed by a menaḳḳer (Yiddish).[39]

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c d east Steinsaltz, Adin (17 June 1976). The Essential Talmud. pp. 224–225.
  2. ^ Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah 79
  3. ^ Zivotofsky, Ari Z. (2011). "Kashrut of Birds – The Biblical Story". Is Turkey Kosher?. Scharf Associates. Retrieved 3 Jan 2012.
  4. ^ Zivotofsky, Ari Z. (2011). "Kashrut of Birds – The Need for a Mesorah". Is Turkey Kosher?. Scharf Associates. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
  5. ^ a b c "Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 21". Sefaria . Retrieved sixteen June 2017.
  6. ^ "Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 6". Sefaria . Retrieved 16 June 2017.
  7. ^ "Mishneh Torah, Ritual Slaughter 2:vii". Sefaria . Retrieved 16 June 2017.
  8. ^ Sefer Beit David 24:four
  9. ^ a b S. D. Rosen. Physiological Insights into Shechita. The Veterinary Record 12 June 2004
  10. ^ Zdun, K., Frąckowiak, H., Kiełtyka-Kurc, A., Kowalczyk, Chiliad., Nabzdyk, M. and Timm, A. (2013), The Arteries of Brain Base in Species of Bovini Tribe. Anat. Rec., 296: 1677–1682. doi:10.1002/ar.22784
  11. ^ "Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 23". Sefaria . Retrieved sixteen June 2017.
  12. ^ "Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 23:2". Sefaria . Retrieved 16 June 2017.
  13. ^ "Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 23:ii". Sefaria. Rama's commentary on Shulchan Aruch 23-2 requires strict adherence to disqualifying any pause. Retrieved 16 June 2017. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  14. ^ "Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 24:1". Sefaria . Retrieved 16 June 2017.
  15. ^ "שו"ת תשובות והנהגות ח"ד - שטרנבוך, משה (page 173 of 568)". hebrewbooks.org . Retrieved xvi June 2017.
  16. ^ "Widespread Slaughter Method Scrutinized for Alleged Cruelty". The Forward . Retrieved 16 June 2017.
  17. ^ "Mishneh Torah, Ritual Slaughter 2:seven". Sefaria . Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  18. ^ "A Cutting Above: Shechita in the Crosshairs, Over again | STAR-1000 Kosher Certification". star-one thousand.org. 15 Baronial 2013. A standing Matter. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
  19. ^ "Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 24:7". Sefaria . Retrieved 16 June 2017.
  20. ^ a b "Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 24:12". Sefaria . Retrieved 16 June 2017.
  21. ^ "Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah 24:xv". Sefaria . Retrieved 16 June 2017.
  22. ^ "The rules of Shechita for performing a proper cutting during kosher slaughter (Rabbi Chanoch Kesselman, Temple Grandin, meat scientist)". Grandin.com. Retrieved xv January 2014.
  23. ^ "Article: Shehitah Jewish Encyclopedia 1906". Jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  24. ^ "Deconstructing Kosher Slaughter Part two: The Basics". The Kosher Omnivore'south Quest . Retrieved 16 June 2017.
  25. ^ "Mishnah Chullin v:3". www.sefaria.org . Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  26. ^ "The rules of Shechita for performing a proper cut during kosher slaughter". grandin.com . Retrieved 24 September 2015.
  27. ^ Battegay, Caspar, 1978- (2018). Jüdische Schweiz : l Objekte erzählen Geschichte = Jewish Switzerland : 50 objects tell their stories. Lubrich, Naomi, 1976-, Jüdisches Museum der Schweiz (one. Auflage ed.). Basel. ISBN978-3-85616-847-half dozen. OCLC 1030337455. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors listing (link)
  28. ^ Klein, Reuven Chaim (22 October 2019). "Bereishis: The Sword of Methusaleh". The Times of State of israel . Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  29. ^ "Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah six". world wide web.sefaria.org . Retrieved nine May 2022.
  30. ^ "Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah eighteen". www.sefaria.org . Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  31. ^ "Kaf HaChayim on Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De'ah eighteen:28:1". world wide web.sefaria.org . Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  32. ^ "Mishnah Chullin one:ii". www.sefaria.org . Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  33. ^ Vertheim, Aharon (1992). Law and Custom in Hasidism. KTAV Publishing Firm, Inc. pp. 302–. ISBN978-0-88125-401-3.
  34. ^ Leviticus 22:28
  35. ^ "Beit Yousef Meat | Rabbi David Sperling | Enquire the rabbi | yeshiva.co".
  36. ^ a b "The Difference between 'Glatt' and Kosher Meat". Archived from the original on 26 July 2018.
  37. ^ "Being hosted by a non-observant Jew".
  38. ^ "porge". Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
  39. ^ "Porging". Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  40. ^ Mishneh Torah Kedushah, Forbidden Foods 8:ane
  41. ^ Mishneh Torah Kedushah, Forbidden Foods 6:1
  42. ^ "Porging". Jewish Encyclopedia 1905. Jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  43. ^ Eisenstein, Judah David (19 June 1901). "PORGING". Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. 10. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 132. LCCN 16014703. Retrieved iii Jan 2012.
  44. ^ What's the Truth about Nikkur Achoraim? kashrut.com, 2007
  45. ^ Genesis ix:4, Leviticus 17:10–fourteen, Deuteronomy 12:23–24
  46. ^ "Wikihow. How to Kasher Meat". Wikihow.com. Retrieved xv January 2014.
  47. ^ Shulchan Gavoah to Yoreh Deah 61:61. Text: "The obligation of giving the gifts lay upon the Shochet to separate the parts due to the Kohanim. Plainly, the reasoning is that since the boilerplate Shochet is a "Talmid Chacham", since he completed the prerequisite of agreement the (complex) laws of Shechita and Bedikah. Information technology is causeless that he -every bit well- is knowledgeable in the details of the laws of giving the gifts, and will non put the Mitzvah aside. This, still, is not the instance with the animal'due south owner, since the boilerplate possessor is an Am ha-aretz not wholly knowledgeable in the laws of the gifts -and procrastinates in completing the mitzvah."
  48. ^ Mishnah Torah, laws of kosher slaughter xiv:1
  49. ^ TONY KUSHNER (1989) STUNNING INTOLERANCE, Jewish Quarterly, 36:ane, 16-xx, DOI: x.1080/0449010X.1989.10705025
  50. ^ Gutachten
  51. ^ "Compassion in World Farming: Unstunned Hallal and Kosher Meat (with link to collected reports)". Ciwf.org.uk. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  52. ^ Hickman, Martin (22 June 2009). "End 'cruel' religious slaughter, say scientists". The Independent. London.
  53. ^ "BBC: Should Halal and Kosher meat be banned?". BBC News. xvi June 2003.
  54. ^ "BBC: Halal and Kosher slaughter 'must cease'". BBC News. ten June 2003.
  55. ^ "The Authorities response to the Subcontract Fauna Welfare Council's report on beast welfare at slaughter".
  56. ^ "Archived re-create" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 July 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2019. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as championship (link)
  57. ^ Kirby, Terry (two April 2004). "Government backs down on religious slaughter banThe Independent". The Independent. London.
  58. ^ The religious stipulations in both faiths stalk from the belief that animals should non swallow an animal that has undergone hurt or injury in dying. They say the swift severance of the jugular vein and the draining of claret, consumption of which is forbidden, causes the animal to feel most goose egg.
  59. ^ "amimals should non eat an animate being" should perhaps read "one should not swallow an animal..." "The swift severance of the jugular vein" is not an authentic description of kosher or halal slaughter. Four major blood vessels are severed: two of which supply the brain with oxygenated claret, and two jugular veins that transport claret dorsum to the eye. Consciousness is maintained by a abiding menstruation of oxygenated claret over the encephalon. It is in "conventional" slaughter that just 1 jugular is cut. One of FAWC'due south recommendations was to standardize slaughter by always cutting two carotid arteries.
  60. ^ ["Slaughter of Animals Without Prior Stunning" (PDF). Federation of Veterinarians of Europe.
  61. ^ a b Schulze Due west, Schultze-Petzold H, Hazem Equally, Gross R. Experiments for the objectification of pain and consciousness during conventional (captive bolt stunning) and religiously mandated ("ritual cutting") slaughter procedures for sheep and calves. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift 1978 Feb 5;85(two):62-vi. English translation by Dr Sahib One thousand. Bleher
  62. ^ Cohen, Nick (5 July 2004). "God'southward ain chosen meat". New Statesman. 133 (4695): 22–23. ISSN 1364-7431. Retrieved 3 Jan 2012. Possible reasons for the suffering are laid out in various inquiry papers that Compassion in Earth Farming has nerveless. After the pharynx is cut, large clots can form at the severed ends of the carotid arteries, leading to occlusion of the wound (or "ballooning" as information technology is known in the slaughtering trade). Occlusions slow blood loss from the carotids and delay the decline in claret pressure that prevents the suffering encephalon from blacking out. In one group of calves, 62.5 per cent suffered from ballooning. Even if the slaughterman is a chief of his arts and crafts and the cut to the cervix is make clean, blood is carried to the encephalon past vertebral arteries, and information technology keeps cattle conscious of their pain.
  63. ^ TJ Gibson; CB Johnson; JC Murrell; CM Hulls; SL Mitchinson; KJ Stafford; AC Johnstone; DJ Mellor (13 February 2009). "Electroencephalographic responses of halothane-anaesthetised calves to slaughter by ventral-neck incision without prior stunning". New Zealand Veterinary Journal. 57 (ii): 77–83. doi:10.1080/00480169.2009.36882. PMID 19471325. S2CID 205460429.
  64. ^ Andy Coghlan (thirteen October 2009). "Animals experience the hurting of religious slaughter". New Scientist. Archived from the original on 15 October 2009. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  65. ^ [1]Temple Grandin Discussion of research that shows that Kosher or Halal slaughter without stunning causes pain
  66. ^ "Halal, shechita and the politics of animal slaughter". TheGuardian.com. 6 March 2014.
  67. ^ The Daily Telegraph
  68. ^ Harman, Danna (10 Jan 2012). "Israeli Knesset commission seeks cease to European bans on kosher slaughter Ha'aretz Knesset Commission on Immigration, Absorption and Diaspora Diplomacy chair says attempts to outlaw 'Shechita' contain 'anti-Semitic' elements. Ha'aretz Johnathan Lis Jan 10, 2012". Haaretz . Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  69. ^ ">Religious slaughter and animal welfare:a discussion for meat scientists". grandin.com . Retrieved 9 April 2021.
  70. ^ "Kosher Box Operation, Pattern, and Cut Technique volition Touch on the Time Required for Cattle to Lose Consciousness". world wide web.grandin.com . Retrieved nine April 2021.
  71. ^ Grandin, Temple (August 2011). "Welfare During Slaughter without stunning (Kosher or Halal) differences between Sheep and Cattle". Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved three January 2012.
  72. ^ "Temple Grandin Maximising Animal Welfare in Kosher Slaughter" . Forward.com. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  73. ^ Yanklowitz, Rabbi Shmuly (13 June 2018). "Improving Animal Treatment in Slaughterhouses: An Interview with Dr. Temple Grandin". Medium . Retrieved nine Apr 2021.
  74. ^ Temple Grandin Thinking in Pictures. My Life with Autism
  75. ^ "Recommended Ritual Slaughter Practices". Grandin.com.
  76. ^ Hui, Y. H. (11 January 2012). Handbook of Meat and Meat Processing, Second Edition. Y. H. Hui (editor). ISBN9781439836835 . Retrieved xv January 2014.
  77. ^ The New York Times Videotapes Evidence Grisly Scenes at Kosher Slaughterhouse By DONALD Thou. McNEIL Jr. xxx November 2004
  78. ^ Aaron Gross: When Kosher Isn't Kosher. Tikkun Magazine, March/April 2005, Vol. twenty, No. 2.
  79. ^ Fishkoff, Sue (2010). Kosher Nation. New York: Schocken.
  80. ^ Foer, Jonathan Safran. "If This Is Kosher…".
  81. ^ Romanoff, Zan (xiii March 2013). "Kosher – Farm to table | Food". Jewish Journal. Retrieved 15 January 2014.

Further reading [edit]

  • Arluke, Arnold; Sax, Boria (1992). "Understanding Animal Protection and the Holocaust". Anthrozoös. 5 (one): 6–31. doi:10.2752/089279392787011638. S2CID 2536374.
  • The Jewish method of Slaughter Compared with Other Methods : from the Humanitarian, Hygienic, and Economical Points of View (1894) Writer: Dembo, Isaak Aleksandrovich, 1847?–1906 [the date is incorrectly given as 1984, corrected here]
  • Neville One thousand. Gregory, T. Grandin: Animal Welfare and Meat Science Publisher: CABI; ane edition 304 pp (1998)[ ISBN missing ]
  • Pablo Lerner and Alfredo Mordechai Rabello The Prohibition of Ritual Slaughtering (Kosher Slaughtering and Halal) and Freedom of Faith of Minorities Journal of Law and Religion 2006
  • Dorothee Brantz Stunning Bodies: Animate being Slaughter, Judaism, and the Meaning of Humanity in Imperial Federal republic of germany
  • Robin Judd The Politics of Beef: Animal Advocacy and the Kosher Butchering Debates in Germany
  • Appendix I in Meat and Meat Processing. Y. H. Hui; (CRC Press. 2d Edition 2012) A Word of Stunned and Nonstunned Slaughter prepared by an International Group of Scientists and Religious Leaders: Dr Shuja Shali (Muslim Council of U.k.), Dr Stuart Rosen (Imperial Higher, London, UK), Dr Joe M. Regenstein (Cornell Academy, The states) and Dr Eric Clay (Shared Journeys, Us). Reviewers: Dr Temple Grandin (Colorado State University, USA), Dr. Ari Zivotofsky (Bar-Ilan University, State of israel) Dr Doni Zivotofsky (DVM, Israel), Rabbi David Sears (Author of Vision of Eden, Brooklyn, Us, Dr Muhammad Chaudry (Islamic Food and Nutrition Quango of America, Chicago) and Paul Hbhav, (Islamic Services of America) Google books
  • David Fraser Anti-Shechita Prosecutions in the Anglo-American World, 1855–1913: "A major assail on Jewish freedoms"(Northward American Jewish Studies)[ ISBN missing ]

External links [edit]

  • Ari Z. Zivotofsky Government Regulations of Shechita (Jewish Religious Slaughter) in the Twenty-starting time Century: Are They Ethical?
  • Resolution on Disturbing Trends in Europe of Business concern to Jewish and Other Religious Minorities The Rabbinical Assembly
  • The set on on shechita and the future of Jews in Europe. World Jewish Congress
  • Lewis, Melissa A Comparative Analysis of Kosher Slaughter Regulation, and recommendations equally to how this issue should be dealt with in the Usa
  • The Cutting Border: The debate over the regulation of ritual slaughter in the western world Jeremy A. Rovinsky
  • Shechita at The Orthodox Matrimony
  • What's the Truth about Niqqur Acharonayim? by Rabbi Dr. Ari Z. Zivotofsky
  • Laws of Judaism concerning food laws of ritual slaughter
  • Shechita – The Jewish Religious Humane Method of Fauna Slaughter for Food
  • Shehitah: A photo essay
  • From the Abattoir to the Consumer. Transparency and Information in the Distribution of Halal and Kosher Meat. Dialrel projection written report. Authors: J. Lever, María Puig de la Bellacasa, M. Miele, Marc Higgin. Academy of Cardiff Cardiff, UK
  • dialrel terminal study: Consumer and Consumption issues: Halal and Kosher Focus Groups Results Dr Florence Bergeaud-Blacker IREMAM (CNRS) & Université de la Méditerrainée, Aix-Marseille; Dr Adrian Evans, University of Cardiff; Dr Ari Zivotofsky, Bar-Ilan University
  • Comparative Written report of the Public Debates on Religious Slaughter in Federal republic of germany, United kingdom, France & Norway. DIALREL Encouraging Dialogue in Issues of Religious Slaughter. Comparative report: Lill Thousand Vramo & Taina Bucher: SIFO (National Institute for Consumer Inquiry); National Reports (in appendix): Florence Bergeaud-Blecker (French report) Adrian Evans (Uk report) Taina Bucher, Lill M. Vramo & Ellen Esser (German report) Taina Bucher, Laura Terragni & Lill G. Vramo (Norwegian written report) 01/03/2009
  • Southward.D. Rosen Physiological Insights into Shechita The Veterinary Tape (2004) 154, 759–765
  • Should Animals be Stunned Before Slaughter? Raffi Berg BBC
  • Rabbi Eliezer Melamed, What Does "Glatt" Mean? on Arutz Sheva.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shechita

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